RT Article T1 Religions as brands?: religion and spirituality in consumer society JF Journal of management, spirituality & religion VO 16 IS 1 SP 6 OP 31 A1 Stolz, Joerg A1 Usunier, Jean-Claude 1951- LA English PB International Association of Management, Spirituality & Religion YR 2019 UL https://www.ixtheo.de/Record/1670082520 AB This article gives an interdisciplinary account of the societal causes as well as individual and organizational effects of religious consumer society. It integrates and systematizes contributions from economics of religion, marketing, and sociology of religion. The article presents the causes of religious consumer society and the most frequent individual adaptations (quality expectations, religious shopping, syncretism) and organizational responses (marketing and branding strategies). Findings are that (1) in the religious consumer society, individuals are free not to be religious or spiritual, putting religious associations in competition with secular organizations, and possibly leading to secularization, (2) it is exaggerated to speak of shopping and consuming as the "new religions" of Western societies, and (3) religious marketing and branding face important limitations, some internal and some external to religious and spiritual organizations, due to the dilemma between marketing practices and transcendental claims. We suggest ways and means to solve this dilemma. K1 Secularization K1 Branding K1 Marketing K1 Religiosity K1 Transcendence K1 Aufsatz in Zeitschrift DO 10.1080/14766086.2018.1445008