RT Article T1 "Parallel" Muftiates as the "Third Force" among Spiritual Administrations of Muslims in Russia JF Journal of Muslims in Europe VO 8 IS 3 SP 265 OP 285 A1 Bekkin, Renat Irikovič 1978- LA English PB Brill YR 2019 UL https://www.ixtheo.de/Record/1684872073 AB Throughout 230-year long history, from Russian Empire, through Soviet Union to present day Russia the institution of muftiate has continuously served as an instrument of state religious policy in relation to Muslims. Guided by various considerations, the authorities have kept the institution itself but did not allow individual muftiates to create a united all-Russian Muslim centre. The article discusses such a phenomenon of 2010s as "parallel" muftiates, designed to become an alternative, "third force" to the existing federal muftiates. The article hypothesizes that one of the main tasks of "parallel" muftiates is to prevent federal muftiates from uniting. K1 "parallel" muftiates—the Russian Association of Islamic Consensus (All-Russian Muftiate) (RAIS) K1 muftiate K1 the Spiritual Assembly of Muslims of Russia (DSMR) DO 10.1163/22117954-12341400