RT Article T1 Muslim readings of John's Gospel in theʾAbbasid period JF Islam and Christian-Muslim relations VO 19 IS 2 SP 179 OP 197 A1 Beaumont, Mark LA English PB Routledge YR 2008 UL https://www.ixtheo.de/Record/597092206 AB Muslims in the ʾAbbasid period showed three broad attitudes to Christian scripture. First, there was the view of those such as al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm (d. 860 CE) and 'Alī al-Ṭabarī (d. c. 855 CE), who accepted elements in the gospels that supported the Qur'an. Second, there was the approach of others such as Abū Muḥammad ibn Ḥazm (d. 1064 CE), who rejected the gospels as largely fictitious accounts. A third approach, found in the writing of Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī (d. 1014 CE) and in A Fitting Refutation of the Divinity of Jesus attributed to Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 1111 CE), was to regard sayings of Jesus in John's Gospel that seemed to be a claim to divine status as metaphors for a spiritual condition that could be experienced by other believers, and which Muslims could therefore accept as genuine. This Fitting Refutation engaged more perceptively with Christian scripture than any other known Muslim writing in the cAbbasid period. K1 Johannesevangelium K1 Christologie K1 Dialog K1 Christentum K1 Islam K1 Mittelalter K1 Gospel according to John K1 Christology K1 Dialogue K1 Christianity K1 Middle Ages DO 10.1080/09596410801923691