Developmental Depression in Adolescents: A Potential Sub-type Based on Neural Correlates and Comorbidity

Diagnosis of depression has low reliability (kappa = 0.28) due to “covert heterogeneity,” making the identification of sub-types a focus of research. Very high rates of moderate or sub-threshold depression among adolescents (35-45 % beyond the 20-25 % with MDD), prompt consideration of a potential s...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Miller, Lisa J. (Author)
Contributors: Barton, Yakov A. (Other)
Format: Electronic Article
Language:English
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Published: Springer Science + Business Media B. V. [2015]
In: Journal of religion and health
Year: 2015, Volume: 54, Issue: 3, Pages: 817-828
Further subjects:B emerging adult
B Spirituality
B Developmental depression
B Individuation
B Adolescent
B Depression
B Existential
Online Access: Volltext (Verlag)
Volltext (doi)

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520 |a Diagnosis of depression has low reliability (kappa = 0.28) due to “covert heterogeneity,” making the identification of sub-types a focus of research. Very high rates of moderate or sub-threshold depression among adolescents (35-45 % beyond the 20-25 % with MDD), prompt consideration of a potential sub-type of moderate sub-threshold depression, linked to adolescent development. Previously, developmental depression (DD) has been proposed as sub-type of moderate depression that is a normative developmental process of spiritual individuation, the integration of existential and spiritual experience. DD as a potential sub-type is supported both by clinical observation and by an emerging body of research identifying a common physiology to underlie both depression and spirituality (neurotransmitters, structural MRI and long-term clinical course), as well as research showing a surge of spirituality in adolescence (concomitant with window of risk of depression). We test for unique patterns of comorbidity and neural correlates as support for a sub-type. Based upon existing literature, we propose that DD will be (1) associated with the unique neural correlate of increased volume in the occipital region and (2) co-morbid with symptoms of affected regulation and processing. A sample of 125 adolescents (64 girls and 61 boys; ages 15-19 years) from the larger National Institute of Health Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Study of Normal Brain Development (Evans in Neuroimage 30(1):184-202, 2006) was assessed using the Cloninger Self-Transcendence Scale to examine correlates of sub-threshold mild to moderate symptoms of depression. Findings lend support to the possibility of a DD. Sub-threshold depression was associated with greater volume in the occipital region, as well as comorbidity with symptoms of affected regulation and processing (mania, ADHD, anxiety). By contrast, in adolescents with a low level of transcendence, sub-threshold depression was associated with conduct disorder and heavy substance use, both of which previous research have found to be associated with low levels of personal spirituality. 
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STA 0 0 |a Depression,Depression,Individuation,Individuation,Separation-individuation 
STB 0 0 |a Dépression,Dépression,Individuation,Individuation,Séparation-individuation 
STC 0 0 |a Depresión,Depresión,Individuación,Individuación 
STD 0 0 |a Depressione,Depressione,Individuazione,Individuazione 
STE 0 0 |a 个性化,个体化,个别化,抑郁症,抑郁症,重性抑郁障碍,忧郁症,重性抑郁障碍,忧郁症 
STF 0 0 |a 個性化,個體化,個別化,抑鬱症,抑鬱症,重性抑鬱障礙,憂鬱症,重性抑鬱障礙,憂鬱症 
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STH 0 0 |a Депрессия (мотив),Депрессия,Индивидуация (философия),Индивидуация 
STI 0 0 |a Εξατομίκευση (φιλοσοφία),Εξατομίκευση,Ατομικότητα,Κατάθλιψη (μοτίβο),Κατάθλιψη 
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SYE 0 0 |a Depressionen , Selbstwerdung 

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